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After the elimination of the pitiful diving team of France in the first round of World Cup football in South Africa, Rajiv Sethi offers us an interesting post on one of the most common acts among footballers, I named the plunge into the surface. Moreover, the reasoning Sethi extend to all unsportsmanlike acts that can be seen on a football field. Why some teams are they known for their tendency to have players diligently practicing the plunge into the surface and not others? The diving has become all the more surprising when one considers that it may taint the reputation of the teams that practice. Conversely, if it turns out that this is an effective strategy to bring the opponent to make mistakes (as suggested in an article that quoted Sethi), why all teams do not adopt they not?. Sethi offers an explanation by looking for a paper Tirole on the phenomena of collective reputation. The idea is: in a group (like a football team) whose members are progressively and that past behaviors are not perfectly observable, the former members who have a bad reputation have no incentive to try to improve it diving team. As the shares are not perfectly observable, new members may be tainted with the same bad reputation even if they are well behaved. This reduces their incentive to behave well, thereby inducing a phenomenon of self-fulfilling prophecy. Indeed, when you're a new player who enters a diving team deemed to be cheater, although you will have little interesting because of suspicion immediately weigh on you (especially from the referee). Having said that, in addition to this rationalist explanation, I have another hypothesis. If one considers that 90% of the activity of professional football players going to the clubs, we can assume that it is in this context that their gambling is largely determined. Therefore, I think the differences in unsportsmanlike conduct that can be observed between the national teams can be partly explained by the fact that players do not play in the same championships diving team. In some leagues, for historical reasons and possibly cultural, unsporting behavior (such as the dip in the surface) is an institution. In other words, all agents (players, referees, spectators) expect that unsportsmanlike conduct takes place on the ground. The consequence is that even if the effectiveness of these behaviors is possibly diminished (the arbitrator is expected that the players dive into the surface and thus less easily whistled a penalty kick), players are encouraged to behave rationally as well. From the moment of the agents confirm their expectations, the institution self-sustaining and thus is maintained over time. Conversely, in other championships, emerged with a different balance: this balance, the players expect that everyone has a fair-play and therefore the "deviant" are severely punished. It is therefore another institution corresponding to different beliefs about how people will behave diving team. Now, if we consider that due to limited cognitive capabilities (I did not say mental eh!), Soccer players are not able to perfectly adjust their strategies for changing the game ( in the sense of game theory) - possibly because they do not perceive that the game has really changed or because their behavior is based on routines and habits - so it is plausible that they are brought to transpose within their national diving team their strategies throughout the year in their club. The consequence is that each player will play in the national diving team strategies corresponding to the institutional balance within the league. If one considers that for nations like England, Germany, Italy and Spain (not France, Argentina, Brazil or the Netherlands) the bulk of their players play own national championship, we have a plausible explanation for observed differences and partial of unsportsmanlike conduct among nations. Obviously, this is a theoretical conjecture should be tested empirically. People interested?. diving team. A task force of volunteers has swept away the accumulated waste under water. Finding everything from cans to spare boats. And even credit cards. A carpet of cans, plastic containers, resulting material, pieces of speedboats, a small bazaar of waste in the sea of ??Capri. The backdrop of the famous Blue Grotto, one of the main attractions of the island in the Gulf, was cleared at this time by a diving team of divers, a veritable task force led by Mario Vacca with the cooperation of Police, Superintendent and the City. Thorough cleaning operation during which, under the curious eyes of tourists, was recovered everything, including documents and credit cards diving team. But what is most important that you return the bottom of the cave to its original state, all thanks to the members of the Association Sub Capri, which are the same, however, already been involved in archaeological finds. And the operation will not remain an isolated case. Meanwhile tickle the fancy of the studies just Nerano on Capri and microalgae, which can become a filter to ensure clean water. Just so an experiment conducted on the algae Botryococcus braunii and Scenedesmus obliquus by the researchers of the Centre for Research hydrobiological resource management and aquaculture (CRIAcq) University of Naples Federico II in collaboration with the British universities Cranfield University have shown how the two species can produce biofuels, and feeding on inorganic substances in wastewater. . diving team. .
